Small and Nonperforming: Small Banks Under Pressure

In an era of “too big to fail” and truly epic levels of financial engineering, it’s easy to forget that even small banking institutions with what is considered “traditional” underwriting practices buckle under the pressure of the grim circumstances of economic decline.

Although the plight of some small regional banks has been widely publicized with reports of record numbers (… yet still moderate) of bank failures, the stressful conditions across all small banks is still largely ignored.

The Federal Reserve tracks the conditions in banking on a quarterly basis, segregating banks by total assets and recording a vast array of metrics that yield important clues to the overall health of the nation’s banking system.

Two important metrics, the nonperforming asset ratio and the ratio of “healthy” bank assets (… total assets of banks with allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL) greater than their nonperforming assets) to total assets of all banks of similar size are indicating that conditions for banks with total assets up to $300 million are the worst seen in at least 20 years.

The nonperforming asset ratio is merely the ratio of total nonperforming assets (… delinquent or seriously overdue commercial and consumer loans, nonpayment leases, etc.) to total assets and currently stands at 2.55%, the highest level seen in at least 20 years for small banks.

The ratio of “healthy” bank assets to total assets for all similar sized banks currently stands at 45.67%, or just 0.22% above the lowest level ever recorded by the Fed.

So, of all banks with total assets of up to $300 million, 54.33% of assets are associated to banks that have MORE nonperforming assets than they have reserved for… a pretty solid indication that ALLL will be on the rise in coming quarters along with additional bank failures.

Prime Bomb! : Hudson City Bancorp Prime Delinquencies Q4 2008

I’ve been arguing for the better part of two years that although the traditional media and apparently general consensus has focused on subprime and other “toxic” mortgage products as the source for the credit tumult, the historic deterioration would by no means be limited to these “bleeding edge” products.

Before this massive housing and general economic contraction is complete, I expect to see new records set for prime defaults, be they prime-Jumbo ARM loans, prime-Jumbo fixed rate loans, prime-conforming ARM loans or prime-conforming fixed rate loans… we will see historic defaults across the entire spectrum of mortgage products.

Although there is significant debate about the true drivers of mortgage default, most individuals in default cite unemployment as the cause while other key instigators are: risky or insufficient household financial planning (high consumer debt and low/no savings), low-equity stake and housing depreciation, and simply general recession.

The key point to consider though is that while all of these factors have contributed to creating environments of high mortgage default in the past, our current circumstances make these past periods look like walks in the park.

In an effort to prove out this conjecture, I will track, with a quarterly recurring post, the operating performance of one of today’s most celebrated “conservative” mortgage portfolio lenders, Hudson City Bancorp (NYSE:HCBK), to see how their borrowers perform over the course of this economic downturn.

Hudson City is now fully recognized as the “poster child” for safe prime-only mortgage lending, stringent underwriting standards and a CEO, Ronald Hermance, whose frequent media appearances usually come with heaping portions of high praise and accolades.

It’s important to understand that although Hudson City’s average borrower has a reasonable LTV of 61.5%, they are still seeing a precipitous increase in loan defaults.

In fact, currently the average LTV of their non-performing loans (defaulted loans) is 69% so “prime” borrowers with 31% equity at the time of origination are now defaulting in steadily increasing numbers.

The following chart plots Hudson City Bancorp’s Non-Performing Loan Ratio (defaulted loans to total loan portfolio) since Q1 2004.

Notice that defaults have been on the rise since Q2 2006 while in Q2 2007 things really started to heat up.


But how does the growth in defaults of the Hudson City Bancorp “prime” portfolio stack up compared to other well know default rates?

The Following charts compare the Hudson City default rate to that of Fannie Mae and the MBAA foreclosure rate.

The top chart compares the normalized default rates since Q1 2004 while the lower two compare the same data since Q1 2007 in order to get a sense of the respective growth over these periods.

It’s important to keep in mind that although Hudson City is not experiencing the same ratio of defaults (Fannie Mae and the general MBAA rates are worse) the growth of prime defaults is comparable and, since Q1 2007, has even been substantially higher.



As for Hudson City loan loss provisions, as you can see from the following chart, the capital cushion is dwindling.

The key instigators in this growth of default is likely home price depreciation and unemployment both working together to bear down on “prime” homeowners as is shown by the following charts plotting the year-over-year percent change to the New York area S&P/Case-Shiller home price index against the Hudson City default ratio as well as the unemployment in New York and New Jersey since 2004.


I will continue to update this data in coming quarters in order to see how slumping home values and rising unemployment affect the performance of “prime” borrowers.